ls
FilesPackage: coreutils
Lists a directory's contents. ls -l shows the nine permission characters, the owner and the group — the three things to read before concluding a refused access is a bug.
What its options do in the lessons
From the same glossary the lessons render under their commands, so the two cannot disagree.
ls -h- Prints sizes in human units — 4.2M rather than 4404019. No effect on its own: it complements a long listing such as
-l. ls -l- Long format: permissions, owner, size, date.
ls -a- Includes entries beginning with a dot, hidden by default.
ls -d- Shows the directory itself rather than its contents — the only way to see the permissions of the directory.
ls -n- Like
-l, but with numeric UIDs and GIDs. Useful when a user name no longer exists.
Lessons that teach it
- Copying files to and from the serverYour first server
- Updating a server with aptYour first server
- Moving around the filesystemLinux Fundamentals
- Redirection and pipesLinux Fundamentals
- Understanding permissionsLinux Fundamentals
- Creating, copying, moving and deletingLinux Fundamentals
- A directory two accounts share, done properlyUsers, sudo and SSH access
- Reading the error log: why the 502 happenedHosting a web application with Nginx
- What the panel limits, and what its backups do not coverISPConfig: hosting several sites on one server
- Restoring files, and the owners nobody backed upBackups and restores
- Revealed is not caused: dating the fault rather than the symptomDiagnosing a failure: what each output proves
- Capture before you repair: the state a fix deletesDiagnosing a failure: what each output proves
- Data outlives the container, the port goes through the firewallDocker: containers for hosting a Node application
- Releases and a symlink: the switch as one operationDeploying: releases, the switch and rolling back